Parasternal Long Axis

1. Normal

2. LV Systolic Failure

  • Visual Estimate
  • Fractional Shortening
  • Fractional Area Change
  • EPSS
  • MAPSE
  • Simpson’s Biplane
  • < 30% – Severe LV Systolic Failure 

3. Pericardial Effusion

  • Presence of pericardial effusion
  • Systolic RA collapse (early sign)
  • Diastolic RV collapse
  • Plethoric IVC

Alerhand S, Carter JM. What echocardiographic findings suggest a pericardial effusion is causing tamponade? Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;37(2):321-326.

4. RV Strain

5. Aortic Stenosis

6. Mitral Valve Stenosis